banner



Home  ›  What Is Another Name For High End Makeup Called What

What Is Another Name For High End Makeup Called What

Written By Sunday, June 5, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Substances practical to the body to change appearance or fragrance

Assorted cosmetics and tools

An actor applying bold makeup for a stage performance

Actor Marcus Stewart wearing bold face makeup in the play Oresteia past Aeschylus (2019)

Cosmetics are constituted mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically created ones.[one] Cosmetics accept diverse purposes. Those designed for personal care and skin care tin can be used to cleanse or protect the body or peel. Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, raise one'southward natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add colour to a person's face, or alter the advent of the confront entirely to resemble a different person, beast or object. Cosmetics can also exist designed to add fragrance to the torso.

Definition and etymology [edit]

The word cosmetics derives from the Greek κοσμητικὴ τέχνη ( "kosmetikē tekhnē" ), pregnant "technique of dress and ornamentation", from κοσμητικός ( "kosmētikos" ), "skilled in ordering or arranging"[2] and that from κόσμος ( "kosmos" ), pregnant "gild" and "ornamentation".[3] Cosmetics are constituted from a mixture of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically created ones.[i]

Legal definition [edit]

Though the legal definition of cosmetics in most countries is broader, in some Western countries, cosmetics are commonly taken to mean only makeup products, such as lipstick, mascara, middle shadow, foundation, blush, highlighter, bronzer, and several other product types.

In the U.s.a., the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetics,[4] defines cosmetics as products "intended to be applied to the human torso for cleansing, beautifying, promoting bewitchery, or altering the advent without affecting the body's structure or functions". This wide definition includes any textile intended for use equally an ingredient of a cosmetic product, with the FDA specifically excluding pure soap from this category.[v]

Apply [edit]

Cosmetics designed for skin care tin can be used to cleanse, exfoliate and protect the skin, too every bit replenishing it, through the employ of cleansers, toners, serums, moisturizers, and balms. Cosmetics designed for more general personal care, such as shampoo and trunk wash, can exist used to cleanse the body.

Cosmetics designed to enhance one's appearance (makeup) tin can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance ane'southward natural features (such every bit the eyebrows and eyelashes), add colour to a person's confront and—in the case of more extreme forms of makeup used for performances, fashion shows and people in costume—tin be used to modify the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, fauna or object. Techniques for changing appearance include contouring, which aims to requite shape to an area of the face up.

Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body.

History [edit]

Cosmetics accept been in use for thousands of years, with ancient Egyptians and Sumerians using them. In Europe, use of cosmetics continued into the Middle Ages—where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged—[6] though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history.[7] Regardless of the changes in social attitudes towards cosmetics, ideals of advent were occasionally achieved through the use of cosmetics by many.

Co-ordinate to one source, early major developments in cosmetics include:[1]

  • Kohl used by ancient Egyptians
  • Castor oil likewise used in ancient Egypt as a protective balm
  • Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rose water, described by the Romans
  • Vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century.

Historically, the absence of regulation of the manufacture and employ of cosmetics, as well as the absence of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of diverse compounds on the human body for much of this time period, led to a number of negative adverse furnishings upon those who used cosmetics, including deformities, blindness and in some cases death. Many cosmetic products available at this fourth dimension were nonetheless either chemically dubious or derived from natural resources commonly found in the kitchen, such as food colouring, berries and beetroot. Examples of the prevalent usage of harmful cosmetics include the use of ceruse (white atomic number 82) throughout a number of unlike cultures, such equally during the Renaissance in the West, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 20th century. During the 19th century, at that place was a high number of incidences of pb poisoning due to the fashion for red and white atomic number 82 makeup and pulverization, leading to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, weakened molar enamel and blackening skin, with heavy use known to lead to death. Usage of white lead was not confined merely to the West, with the white Japanese face up makeup known as oshiroi also produced using white atomic number 82. In the second part of the 19th century, scientific advances in the product of makeup lead to the cosmos of makeup gratuitous of hazardous substances such as lead.[ citation needed ]

Throughout the later 19th century and early 20th century, changes in the prevailing attitudes towards cosmetics led to the wider expansion of the cosmetics manufacture. In 1882, English language actress and socialite Lillie Langtry became the poster-girl for Pears of London, making her the get-go glory to endorse a commercial product.[8] She allowed her name to be used on confront powders and skin products.[ix] During the 1910s, the marketplace in the US was developed by figures such equally Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined past Revlon just before World War 2 and Estée Lauder simply after. By the center of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use past women in nigh all industrial societies effectually the world, with the cosmetics industry becoming a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the beginning of the 21st century.[ citation needed ] The wider acceptance of the use of cosmetics led some to see makeup as a tool utilised in the oppression and subjection of women to unfair societal standards. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Liberty Trash Can",[10] with cosmetics among the items the protestors called "instruments of female person torture"[eleven] and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

As of 2016[update], the world's largest cosmetics visitor is L'Oréal, founded past Eugène Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned past Liliane Bettencourt 26% and Nestlé 28%; the remaining 46% is traded publicly).

Although modern makeup has been traditionally used mainly by women, an increasing number of men are using makeup to enhance their own facial features or cover blemishes and dark circles. Cosmetics brands accept increasingly targeted men in the sale of cosmetics, with some products targeted specifically at men.[12] [13]

Types [edit]

Though in that location are a large number of differing cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally. These products can be practical to the face (on the skin, lips, eyebrows and eyes), to the body (on the skin, in particular the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal care or to modify the appearance, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer's appearance; some manufacturers will distinguish simply between "decorative" cosmetics intended to modify the advent and "intendance" cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care.

Nearly cosmetics are as well distinguished past the area of the body intended for awarding, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and middle expanse usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips. Cosmetics can be also described by the physical composition of the product. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions, powders (pressed or loose), dispersions, or anhydrous creams or sticks.

Decorative [edit]

  • Primers are used on the face before makeup is applied, creating a typically transparent, shine layer over the top of the skin, allowing for makeup to be applied smoothly and evenly. Some primers may too be tinted, and this tint may friction match the wearer's skin tone, or may colour correct it, using greens, oranges and purples to fifty-fifty out the wearer's skin tone and correct redness, purple shadows or orange discolouration respectively.
  • Concealer is a foam or liquid production used to conceal marks or blemishes of the peel. Concealer is typically the color of the user's pare tone, and is generally applied after the face up has been primed to even out the wearer'due south skin tone before foundation tin be practical. Concealer is usually more heavily pigmented, higher coverage and thicker than foundation or tinted primers. Though concealer is often more heavy duty in terms of paint and consistency than foundation, a number of different formulations intended for unlike styles of utilise - such every bit a lighter concealer for the optics and a heavier concealer for stage makeup - are bachelor, as well equally color correcting concealers intended to remainder out discolouration of the pare specifically.
  • Foundation is a cream, liquid, mousse or powder product applied to the entirety of the face to create a smooth and even base in the user's pare tone. Foundation provides a generally lower amount of coverage than concealer, and is sold in formulations that tin provide sheer, matte, dewy or full coverage to the pare.[4]
  • Rouge, chroma, or blusher is a liquid, cream or powder product practical to the heart of the cheeks with the intention of adding or enhancing their natural colour. Blushers are typically bachelor in shades of pinkish or warm tan and brown, and may also be used to make the cheekbones appear more defined.[4]
  • Bronzer is a pulverization, cream or liquid product that adds colour to the skin, typically in bronze or tan shades intended to give the skin a tanned appearance and enhance the color of the face. Bronzer, like highlighter, may also incorporate substances providing a shimmer or glitter effect,[four] and comes in either matte, semi-matte, satin, or shimmer finishes.
  • Highlighter is a liquid, cream or pulverisation product applied to the high points of the face such as the eyebrows, nose and cheekbones. Highlighter commonly has substances added providing a shimmer or glitter event. Alternatively, a lighter toned foundation or concealer can be used as a highlighter.
  • Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels, and powders are used to color, fill in, and define the brows.[four] [14] [xv] Eyebrow tinting treatments are also used to dye the eyebrow hairs a darker colour, either temporarily or permanently, without staining and colouring the skin underneath the eyebrows.
  • Eyeshadow is a pulverization, cream or liquid pigmented production used to draw attention to, accentuate and change the shape of the area effectually the optics, on the eyelid and the space below the eyebrows. Eyeshadow is typically applied using an eyeshadow castor, with generally pocket-sized and rounded bristles, though liquid and cream formulations may likewise exist applied with the fingers. Eyeshadow is available in near every colour, as well as being sold in a number of unlike finishes, ranging from matte finishes with sheer coverage to glossy, shimmery, glittery and highly pigmented finishes. Many dissimilar colours and finishes of eyeshadow may be combined in one wait and blended together to achieve different furnishings.
  • Eyeliner is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the eye; though eyeliner is usually black, it can come in many unlike colours, including brown, white and blue. Eyeliner can come up in the form of a pencil, a gel or a liquid.
  • False eyelashes are used to extend, exaggerate and add volume to the eyelashes. Consisting generally of a small strip to which hair - either human, mink or synthetic - is attached, false eyelashes are typically practical to the lash line using gum, which can come in latex and latex gratuitous varieties; magnetic false eyelashes, which attach to the eyelid after magnetic eyeliner is applied, are likewise available. Designs vary in length and colour, with rhinestones, gems, feathers and lace available as simulated eyelash designs. False eyelashes are not permanent, and can be easily taken off with the fingers. Eyelash extensions are a more permanent fashion to reach this expect. Each prepare lasts for two to iii weeks, then the set tin be filled, similar to the maintenance of acrylic nails. To apply to extensions the certified lash artist would start by taping downwards the bottom eyelashes. The lash creative person would and then use two tweezers, one to isolate the natural eyelash and ane to apply the simulated eyelash. An private false eyelash, or lash fan, is applied to 1 natural eyelash using a lash glue specific for this process. The eyelashes should non be stuck together. The length and thickness of the imitation lash should not exist to heavy for the natural eyelash. If this procedure is done correctly no harm will be done to the natural eyelashes.[16]
  • Mascara is used to darken, lengthen, thicken, or enhance the eyelashes through the use of a typically thick, foam consistency product applied with a spiral bristle mascara brush. Mascara is unremarkably blackness, brown or clear, though a number of different colours, some containing glitter, are available. Mascara is typically advertised and sold in a number of unlike formulations that advertise qualities such as waterproofing, book enhancement, length enhancement and curl enhancement, and may be used in combination with an eyelash curler to enhance the natural scroll of the eyelashes.[4]
  • Lip products, including lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner and lip balms.[four] Lip products commonly add color and texture to the lips, as well as serving to moisturise the lips and define their external edges. Products adding color and texture to the lips, such equally lipsticks and lip glosses, often come in a wide range of colours, besides equally a number of different finishes, such as matte finishes and satin or sleeky finishes. Other styles of lip colouration products such as lip stains temporarily saturate the lips with a dye, and typically do not alter the texture of the lips. Both lip colour products and lip liners may exist waterproof, and may be applied straight to the lips, with a brush, or with the fingers. Lip balms, though designed to moisturise and protect the lips (such every bit through the addition of UV protection) may also tint the lips.
  • Face powder, setting powder, or setting sprays are used to 'set' foundation or concealer, giving it a matte or consistent terminate whilst besides concealing pocket-size flaws or blemishes. Both powders and setting sprays merits to go on makeup from absorbing into the skin or melting off. Whilst setting sprays are generally not tinted, setting powder and face powder can come up in translucent or tinted varieties, and tin can be used to broil foundation in order for it to stay longer on the confront. Tinted face powders may as well be worn alone without foundation or concealer to give an extremely sheer coverage base.
  • Nail polish is a liquid used to colour the fingernails and toenails.[four] Transparent, colorless nail polishes may be used to strengthen nails or exist used every bit a pinnacle or base of operations glaze to protect the nail or boom polish. Nail polish, like eyeshadow, is available in every colour and a number of different finishes, including matte, shimmer, glossy and crackle finishes.

Skincare [edit]

Cleansing is a standard step in peel care routines. Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics:

  • Cleansers or foaming washes are used to remove excess clay, oil, and makeup left on the peel.[17] Different cleansing products are aimed at diverse types of skin, such as sulfate-free cleansers and spin brushes.[17]
    • Cleansing oil or oil cleanser is an oil-based solution that gently emulsifies the peel's natural oils and removes makeup. Cleansing oils are typically used as part of a two-step cleansing process. After the skin has been apple-pie with an oil cleanser, a second cleanse is done using a balmy gel, milk or foam cleanser to ensure any traces of the oil cleanser and makeup are removed.
  • Toners are used after cleansing to remove whatsoever remaining traces of cleanser and restore the pH of the skin. They as well may add some hydration. They are usually practical to a cotton fiber pad and wiped over the peel, but tin be sprayed onto the skin from a spray bottle or poured onto the paw and patted directly onto the skin. Toners usually contain water, citric acid, herbal extracts and other ingredients. Witch hazel is however commonly used in toners to tighten the pores and refresh the pare. Alcohol is used less often as it is drying and can be irritating to the peel. It may still exist constitute in toners specially for those with oily skin. Some toners contain active ingredients and target particular peel types, such as tea tree oil, salicylic acrid, or glycolic acid.
  • Hyperpigmentation treatment: Kojic Acid lather, foam or powder and Arbutin (b-D-glucopyranoside derivative of hydroquinone) serum or cream helps to get rid of hyperpigmentation spots of the skin.[18]
  • Facial masks are treatments applied to the skin and and so removed. Typically, they are applied to a dry, apple-pie confront, avoiding the eyes and lips.
    • Dirt-based masks use kaolin clay or fuller's globe to transport essential oils and chemicals to the skin, and are typically left on until completely dry out. As the clay dries, information technology absorbs backlog oil and clay from the surface of the peel and may help to articulate blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface. Because of its drying actions, clay-based masks should but be used on oily skins.
    • Peel masks are typically gel-like in consistency and incorporate acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliate the skin, along with other ingredients to hydrate, discourage wrinkles, or care for uneven skin tone. They are left on to dry and so gently peeled off. They should be avoided by people with dry or sensitive skin, as they tend to be very drying.
    • Sheet masks are a relatively new product that are becoming extremely popular in Asia. Canvass masks consist of a sparse cotton or cobweb sheet with holes cut out for the optics and lips and cutting to fit the contours of the face up, onto which serums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer; the sheets may be soaked in the treatment. Masks are available to suit well-nigh all skin types and skin complaints. Canvas masks are quicker, less messy, and require no specialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks, simply they may be hard to find and buy outside Asia.
    • Exfoliants are products that aid slough off dead peel cells from the topmost layer of the pare to improve the appearance of the skin. This is achieved either past using mild acids or other chemicals to loosen old skin cells or lightly annoying substances to physically remove them. Exfoliation tin can besides help even out patches of crude skin, amend cell turnover, clear blocked pores to discourage acne, and improve the appearance and healing of scars.
    • Chemical exfoliants include azelaic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, papain and bromelain. They may be constitute in cleansers, scrubs and peels, but too leave-on products such as toners, serums and moisturisers. Chemical exfoliants mainly fall into the categories of AHAs, BHAs, PHAs or enzymes.
    • Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, likewise as physical objects.
  • Moisturizers are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and aid it to retain moisture; they may contain essential oils, herbal extracts, or chemicals to aid with oil command or reducing irritation. Night creams are typically more hydrating than 24-hour interval creams, merely may be too thick or heavy to habiliment during the solar day, hence their name. Tinted moisturizers contain a pocket-sized amount of foundation, which tin provide calorie-free coverage for minor blemishes or to even out peel tones. They are usually practical with the fingertips or a cotton pad to the unabridged confront, fugitive the lips and surface area around the eyes. Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer compared with the residual of the face. The peel around the optics is extremely thin and sensitive, and is ofttimes the first area to show signs of crumbling. Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels, and are commonly very gentle; some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or Vitamin K to reduce puffiness and dark circles nether the eyes. Centre creams or gels should exist practical over the entire eye area with a finger, using a patting motion. Finding a moisturizer with SPF is benign to prevent aging and wrinkles.
  • Sunscreens are creams, lotions, sprays, gels, sticks, or other topical projects that protect the skin from the sun; they comprise organic or inorganic filters which act to absorb or reflect harmful UV radiation. [19] Sunscreens are marked with 'spf' which means 'lord's day protection factor' this shows that a product provides protection confronting UVB.[xix] UVA ratings on sunscreens can be denoted past the corporeality of stars or plus symbols varying amongst countries. [20] It is to exist noted UVA ratings practice not specifically depict the amount of UVA protection a sunscreen is providing but rather the ratio of equal UVA and UVB protection. [twenty] The recommended 'gold standard' of a sunscreen should be at to the lowest degree SPF thirty and at least 4 stars or plus symbols. [twenty] Daily sunscreen application is very important merely uses of shade, clothing, and hats are equally important and more effective for sun protection.

Hair intendance [edit]

Hair care is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to improve the appearance of hair.[21]

  • Shampoos are used to clean the hair and scalp past massaging into moisture hair and so rinsing.[22]
  • Pilus conditioners are used following shampoo to amend the appearance of hair by making it smoother and shinier.
  • Styling products include gels, waxes, foams, creams, mousse, serum and pomades; they are used to create and maintain hairstyles.

Perfume [edit]

Perfumes or fragrances are liquids which tin be sprayed or applied to produce a long-lasting odor.[23] They are created past mixing different compounds together. At that place are different groups of perfumes which are categorised according to their concentration.[23]

  • Parfum
  • Eau de parfum
  • Eau de toilette
  • Eau fraiche

Tools [edit]

Various tools are used to apply cosmetics.

Brushes [edit]

  • A makeup brush is used to utilize makeup onto the confront. There are ii types of makeup brushes: synthetic and natural. Synthetic brushes are all-time for cream products while natural brushes are platonic for powder products.[24] Using the advisable brush to apply a sure product allows the product to blend into the skin smoothly and evenly.
  • A foundation brush is normally a dense castor that distributes the product evenly while smoothing out the confront. This brush is best used to achieve full coverage.
  • A concealer brush has a small-scale, tapered tip that allows for precise spot correction such every bit blemishes or discoloration.
  • A stippling brush has soft, synthetic beard that gives an airbrushed effect. This brush is best used to achieve lite to medium coverage.
  • A blush brush comes in all shapes and sizes and is used to utilise blush, allowing the blush to expect natural while giving a flush of colour.
  • A powder brush tends to be large and fluffy for quick and easy application of dusting pulverisation all over the face. Powder gives the advent of a matte effect.
  • A bronzer blush, which tin can too serve equally a contour castor is an angled brush that gives the face up dimensions and illusions, past allowing the makeup to be placed in substitution of bone structure. This brush tin can also be used to add a shimmering highlight illusion to the cheekbones, nose and chin.
  • A highlight castor, too known as a fan brush, has bristles that are typically spread out and is used to utilise where the sun would naturally hit.
  • An eyeshadow castor is a dumbo brush that allows shadow to exist packed onto the eyelid.
  • A blending eyeshadow castor is used to blend out whatever harsh lines yous may have from the eyeshadow and tin can soften the eyeshadow look.
  • An eyeliner brush is tapered with an extra fine tip used for gel eyeliners which allows precision to line the eyes.
  • A spoolie is used to castor out the eyebrows and can besides exist used equally a mascara wand.
  • A lip castor is small to ensure precision and is used to apply lipstick evenly onto the lips.
  • An countenance brush is tapered and is slanting from the acme, which tends to define the eyebrows and fill in the empty spaces between brows, to requite them a fuller and denser await.
  • A Kabuki brush is used to apply any sort of pulverization makeup on large surfaces of the confront (loose powder, foundation, confront powder, blush, bronzer). This brush is used to evenly the skin.

Other applicators [edit]

In addition to brushes, a makeup sponge is a popular applicator. Makeup sponges tin can be used to apply foundation, alloy concealer, and use powder or highlighter.

Loofahs, microfiber cloths, natural sponges, or brushes may be used to exfoliate pare, only by rubbing them over the confront in a round motion. Gels, creams, or lotions may contain an acrid to encourage dead pare cells to loosen, and an abrasive such every bit microbeads, bounding main salt and sugar, basis nut shells, rice bran, or footing apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off the peel. Salt and carbohydrate scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle.

Ingredients [edit]

A diverseness of organic compounds and inorganic compounds comprise typical cosmetics. Typical organic compounds are modified natural oils and fats as well as a variety of petrochemically derived agents. Inorganic compounds are processed minerals such as atomic number 26 oxides, talc, and zinc oxide. The oxides of zinc and iron are classified as pigments, i.east. colorants that accept no solubility in solvents.

Natural [edit]

Handmade and certified organic products are becoming more than mainstream, due to the fact that certain chemicals in some skincare products may be harmful if absorbed through the peel. Products claimed to be organic should, in the U.S., be certified "USDA Organic".[25] One of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus tremella fuciformis, used equally a beauty product by women in Communist china and Nippon.[26]

Mineral [edit]

The term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face up makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, and bronzer, made with loose, dry mineral powders. These powders are oft mixed with oil-water emulsions. Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, equally well every bit compressed makeups such every bit eye shadow and blush in compacts, are often called mineral makeup if they have the same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups. Liquid makeups must contain preservatives and compressed makeups must contain binders, which dry mineral makeups do not. Mineral makeup usually does not comprise constructed fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, and chemic dyes. For this reason, dermatologists may consider mineral makeup to be gentler to the pare than makeup that contains those ingredients.[27] Some minerals are nacreous or pearlescent, giving the skin a shining or sparking appearance. I example is bismuth oxychloride.[one] There are various mineral-based makeup brands, including: Bare Minerals, Tarte, Bobbi Chocolate-brown, and Stila.

Porous minerals [edit]

Porous minerals is a subcategory of mineral makeup ingredients where the porosity of the mineral particles enables extraordinary absorption chapters compared to non-porous mineral materials. This characteristic improves sebum command, long-lasting mattifying effect or gives a matte texture when used in makeup. Porous minerals can also act as carriers, absorbing a wide range of substances into its porous network.

Advertised benefits of mineral-based makeup [edit]

Although some ingredients in cosmetics may cause concerns, some are seen every bit beneficial. Titanium dioxide, institute in sunscreens, and zinc oxide accept anti-inflammatory backdrop.[28] Many mineral based makeup create a barrier betwixt the skin and outside elements, which allows it to provide some protection against the lord's day and its possible harmful effects.[29]

Mineral makeup is noncomedogenic (as long as it does not comprise talc) and offers a mild amount of sun protection (considering of the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).[ citation needed ]

Packaging [edit]

The term cosmetic packaging is used for primary packaging and secondary packaging of corrective products.[ commendation needed ]

Master packaging, also called corrective container, is housing the corrective production. It is in direct contact with the cosmetic product. Secondary packaging is the outer wrapping of one or several cosmetic container(s). An important difference between primary and secondary packaging is that whatsoever data that is necessary to clarify the safety of the product must appear on the primary package. Otherwise, much of the required information can appear on simply the secondary packaging.[30]

Cosmetic packaging is standardized by the ISO 22715, set by the International Organization for Standardization[ commendation needed ] [31] and regulated by national or regional regulations such every bit those issued past the Eu or the FDA. Marketers and manufacturers of cosmetic products must be compliant to these regulations to be able to market their cosmetic products in the corresponding areas of jurisdiction.[ commendation needed ]

Industry [edit]

The manufacture of cosmetics is dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early on 20th century, but the distribution and sales of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of businesses. The earth'due south largest cosmetic companies are L'Oréal, Procter & Run a risk, Unilever, Shiseido, and Estée Lauder.[32] In 2005, the market volume of the cosmetics industry in the U.s., Europe, and Japan was about EUR seventy Billion/a yr.[1] In Frg, the cosmetic manufacture generated €12.six billion of retail sales in 2008,[33] which makes the German cosmetic manufacture the third largest in the earth, after Japan and the United states. German exports of cosmetics reached €5.eight billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion.[33]

The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of Usa$170 billion (according to Eurostaf – May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in French republic reached €6.five billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie – the French federation for the perfume industry).[34] [ unreliable source? ] France is some other land in which the corrective industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. According to information from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for forty consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of €vi.5 billion. Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Rocher, and many others.

The Italian cosmetic industry is also an important player in the European cosmetic market. Although not as large equally in other European countries, the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach €9 billion in 2007.[ commendation needed ] The Italian cosmetic manufacture is dominated by hair and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italy, hair and body products make up approximately 30% of the cosmetic market. Makeup and facial intendance are the most common corrective products exported to the United States.

According to Euromonitor International, the market for cosmetics in China is expected to be $vii.4 billion in 2021 upward from $4.3 billion in 2016. The increment is due to social media and the changing attitudes of people in the eighteen-to-30-year age subclass.[35]

Due to the popularity of cosmetics, peculiarly fragrances and perfumes, many designers who are not necessarily involved in the corrective manufacture came upward with perfumes conveying their names. Moreover, some actors and singers (such as Celine Dion) have their own perfume line. Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the manufacture as the consumer pays for the product and the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by Giorgio Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, and others.

Procter & Gamble, which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded a report[36] concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent.[37] Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston University study is questioned.

Cosmetics products may exist retailed in dazzler stores, department stores and hypermarkets, drugstores, variety stores, grocery stores, beauty supply stores, and many other formats, and in like types of online stores or the online presence of these types of physical stores.

Controversy [edit]

During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly.[38] Cosmetics are used by girls at increasingly young ages, especially in the Usa. Considering of the fast-decreasing age of makeup users, many companies, from high-street brands similar Rimmel to college-terminate products like Estee Lauder, cater to this expanding market past introducing flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery and sparkly packaging, and marketing and advertising using immature models.[39] The social consequences of younger and younger cosmetics employ has had much attention in the media over the last few years.

Criticism of cosmetics has come from a wide variety of sources including some feminists,[forty] religious groups, beast rights activists, authors, and public interest groups. Information technology has also faced criticism from men, some of whom describe information technology as a course of deception or fakeup.[41]

Safety [edit]

In the United States: "Under the law, corrective products and ingredients do not demand FDA premarket approving."[42] The EU and other regulatory agencies around the world accept more stringent regulations.[43] The FDA does not take to corroborate or review cosmetics, or what goes in them, before they are sold to the consumers. The FDA simply regulates against some colors that tin be used in the cosmetics and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies do non have to report any injuries from the products; they as well just accept voluntary recalls of products.[4]

There has been a marketing trend towards the sale of cosmetics defective controversial ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens.[44] Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of about nine,000 synthetic organofluorine compounds that have multiple highly toxic fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. PFAS are used by major cosmetics industry companies in a wide range of cosmetics, including such products as lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip lotion, blush, smash polish. A 2021 study tested 231 personal care products and establish organic fluorine, a hallmark of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. Substantial levels of fluorine were identified in tested brands of products every bit follows: 82% of the brands of waterproof mascara, 63% of the brands of foundations, and 62% of liquid lipstick. PFAS compounds are readily absorbed through human peel and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are oft unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to characterization their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS.[45]

Formaldehyde is no longer used in cosmetics but has been replaced by formaldehyde releasers. Formaldehyde is unsafe to human health.[46] [47] In 2011, the US National Toxicology Programme described formaldehyde equally "known to be a human being carcinogen".[48] [49] [50]

The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels.[51]

Numerous reports take raised concern over the safety of a few surfactants, including ii-butoxyethanol. In some individuals, SLS may crusade a number of skin problems, including dermatitis. Additionally, some individuals take had an emergence of vitiliago later on using cosmetics containing the ingredient rhododendrol.[52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]

Parabens tin crusade skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies, a small percentage of the full general population.[58] Fauna experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity, acting equally xenoestrogens.[59]

Perfumes are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from patch testing show fragrances contain some ingredients which may cause allergic reactions.[60]

Balsam of Peru was the chief recommended marker for perfume allergy before 1977, which is still advised. The presence of Balsam of Peru in a corrective will be denoted past the INCI term Myroxylon pereirae.[61] [62] In some instances, Balsam of Peru is listed on the ingredient characterization of a product past 1 of its various names, but it may non be required to be listed by its proper noun by mandatory labeling conventions (in fragrances, for example, it may simply exist covered by an ingredient listing of "fragrance").[62] [63] [64] [65]

Some cosmetics companies have fabricated pseudo-scientific claims nigh their products which are misleading or unsupported past scientific evidence.[66] [67]

Animal testing [edit]

As of 2019 an estimated fifty-100 meg animals are tested on each year in locations such equally the Usa and China.[68] Such tests have involved general toxicity, eye and peel irritants, phototoxicity (toxicity triggered by ultraviolet calorie-free), and mutagenicity.[69] [70] Due to the ethical concerns effectually beast testing, some nations have legislated against animal testing for cosmetics. An updated list tin be found on the Humane Societies website.[71] According to the Humane Society of the United States, at that place are well-nigh fifty not-animal tests that have been validated for use, with many more in evolution, that may supervene upon animal testing and are potentially more efficacious.[72] In the United States, mice, rats, rabbits, and cats are the virtually used animals for testing.[73] In 2018, California banned the sale of animal tested cosmetics.[74]

Cosmetics testing is banned in the Netherlands, India, Norway, Israel, New Zealand, Kingdom of belgium, and the Uk, and in 2002, the European Union agreed to phase in a virtually-total ban on the sale of fauna-tested cosmetics throughout the European union from 2009, and to ban all cosmetics-related animal testing.[75] In Dec 2009, the European Parliament and Quango passed the EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics, a bill to regulate the cosmetic industry in the European union.[76] EC Regulation 1223/2009 took event on July eleven, 2013.[76] In March 2013, the EU banned the import and auction of cosmetics containing ingredients tested on animals.[77] China required beast testing on cosmetic products until 2014, when they waived animate being testing requirements for domestically produced products.[78] In 2019, China approved nine not-animal testing methods, and appear that by 2020 laws making beast testing compulsory would be lifted.[79]

In June 2017, legislation was proposed in Australia to end animal testing in the cosmetics industry.[80] In March 2019, the Australian Senate passed a beak banning the utilise of data from fauna testing in the corrective industry afterwards July 1, 2020.[81]

Legislation [edit]

Europe [edit]

In the European Matrimony, the manufacture, labelling, and supply of cosmetics and personal care products are regulated by Regulation EC 1223/2009.[82] Information technology applies to all the countries of the Eu as well as Republic of iceland, Norway, and Switzerland. This regulation applies to single-person companies making or importing simply ane product equally well every bit to big multinationals. Manufacturers and importers of corrective products must comply with the applicable regulations in order to sell their products in the EU. In this industry, it is common fall back on a suitably qualified person, such as an independent third political party inspection and testing company, to verify the cosmetics' compliance with the requirements of applicable cosmetic regulations and other relevant legislation, including REACH, GMP, hazardous substances, etc.[83] [84]

In the European Union, the circulation of corrective products and their safety has been a subject of legislation since 1976. One of the newest improvement of the regulation apropos cosmetic industry is a result of the ban fauna testing. Testing cosmetic products on animals has been illegal in the European Union since September 2004, and testing the separate ingredients of such products on animals is besides prohibited by law, since March 2009 for some endpoints and total since 2013.[85]

Corrective regulations in Europe are often updated to follow the trends of innovations and new technologies while ensuring product safe. For example, all annexes of the Regulation 1223/2009 were aimed to address potential risks to human health. Under the EU cosmetic regulation, manufacturers, retailers, and importers of cosmetics in Europe will exist designated as "Responsible Person".[86] This new condition implies that the responsible person has the legal liability to ensure that the cosmetics and brands they manufacture or sell comply with the current cosmetic regulations and norms. The responsible person is besides responsible of the documents contained in the Product Information File (PIF), a list of product data including data such as Cosmetic Product Safety Report, product clarification, GMP argument, or production role.

The states [edit]

In 1938, the U.South. passed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act authorizing the Food and Drug Assistants (FDA) to oversee safety via legislation in the cosmetic industry and its aspects in the United States.[87] [88] The FDA joined with 13 other federal agencies in forming the Interagency Analogous Commission on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) in 1997, which is an effort to ban animal testing and notice other methods to exam cosmetic products.[89]

The current police force on cosmetics in the United states of america do non require cosmetic products and ingredients to take FDA approval earlier going on the market except from color additives.[ninety] The Cosmetic Safety Enhancement Act was introduced in December 2019 by Representative Frank Pallone.[91]

Brazil [edit]

ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brazilian Wellness Surveillance Agency) is the regulatory trunk responsible for cosmetic legislation and directives in the country. The rules apply to manufacturers, importers, and retailers of cosmetics in Brazil, and most of them have been harmonized then they can employ to the unabridged Mercosur.

The electric current legislation restricts the utilize of certain substances such as pyrogallol, formaldehyde, or paraformaldehyde and bans the utilize of others such equally lead acetate in cosmetic products. All restricted and forbidden substances and products are listed in the regulation RDC xvi/11 and RDC 162, 09/eleven/01.

More than recently, a new cosmetic Technical Regulation (RDC 15/2013) was gear up to constitute a listing of authorized and restricted substances for cosmetic use, used in products such as hair dyes, smash hardeners, or used equally production preservatives.

Most Brazilian regulations are optimized, harmonized, or adapted in club to be applicable and extended to the entire Mercosur economic zone.

International [edit]

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published new guidelines on the condom manufacturing of corrective products under a Skilful Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regime. Regulators in several countries and regions have adopted this standard, ISO 22716:2007, effectively replacing existing guidance and standards. ISO 22716 provides a comprehensive approach for a quality management organisation for those engaged in the manufacturing, packaging, testing, storage, and transportation of cosmetic cease products. The standard deals with all aspects of the supply chain, from the early delivery of raw materials and components until the shipment of the final product to the consumer.

The standard is based on other quality direction systems, ensuring smooth integration with such systems as ISO 9001 or the British Retail Consortium (BRC) standard for consumer products. Therefore, it combines the benefits of GMP, linking cosmetic product safety with overall business improvement tools that enable organisations to meet global consumer demand for cosmetic product prophylactic certification.[92]

In July 2012, since microbial contagion is one of the greatest concerns regarding the quality of cosmetic products, the ISO has introduced a new standard for evaluating the antimicrobial protection of a corrective production by preservation efficacy testing and microbiological take chances assessment.

See also [edit]

  • Airbrush makeup
  • Makeup brush
  • Baking
  • Body art
  • Contouring
  • Cosmeceutical
  • Corrective packaging
  • Electrotherapy (cosmetic)
  • Female person cosmetic coalitions
  • Henna
  • Ingredients of cosmetics
  • Male cosmetics
  • Moulage
  • Natural skin intendance
  • Palm oil
  • Permanent makeup
  • Pare intendance

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d eastward Schneider, Günther; Gohla, Sven; Schreiber, Jörg; Kaden, Waltraud; Schönrock, Uwe; Schmidt-Lewerkühne, Hartmut; Kuschel, Annegret; Petsitis, Xenia; Pape, Wolfgang (2001). Peel Cosmetics. Ullmann'southward Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_219. ISBN978-three-527-30673-ii. OCLC 910197915. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-21 .
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. κοσμητικός Archived 2020-08-03 at the Wayback Machine in A Greek-English Lexicon
  3. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. κόσμος Archived 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine in A Greek-English Dictionary
  4. ^ a b c d e f thou h i "Cosmetics and Your Wellness – FAQs". Womenshealth.gov. Nov 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ "Cosmetics Overview". U.South. Nutrient & Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  6. ^ Angeloglou, Maggie. The History of Make-up. First ed. United kingdom: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 41–42. Print.
  7. ^ Pallingston, J (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. St. Martin'southward Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
  8. ^ "When Glory Endorsers Get Bad". The Washington Post . Retrieved two March 2022. British extra Lillie Langtry became the world's first glory endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Lather.
  9. ^ Marsh, Madeleine (2014). Compacts and Cosmetics: Beauty from Victorian Times to the Nowadays 24-hour interval. Casemate Publishers. p. 40.
  10. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (Bound 2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (one): 127–149. doi:x.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
  11. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vox of the Women'southward Liberation Motion. p. four.
  12. ^ North, Anna (24 September 2018). "What the rise of men's makeup means for masculinity". Vox . Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  13. ^ Elan, Priya (23 February 2020). "Dazzler and the bloke: why more men are wearing makeup". the Guardian . Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  14. ^ "Eyebrow Pencil". Cosmetics Info. Archived from the original on 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-24 .
  15. ^ Riordan, Teresa (2004-12-12). "'Inventing Dazzler'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-08-24 .
  16. ^ McDearmon, Christa. The Eyelash Extension Professional Grooming Transmission: Instructor's Guide. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.
  17. ^ a b "Soaps and cleansers | DermNet NZ". world wide web.dermnetnz.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31 .
  18. ^ Sarkar, Rashmi; Arora, Pooja; Garg, G Vijay (2013). "Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation: What is Available?". Journal of Cutaneous and Artful Surgery. six (1): iv–11. doi:x.4103/0974-2077.110089. ISSN 0974-2077. PMC3663177. PMID 23723597.
  19. ^ a b "British Association of Dermatologists - Sunscreen Fact Canvass". www.bad.org.united kingdom. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31 .
  20. ^ a b c "British Association of Dermatologists - Sunscreen Fact Sheet". www.bad.org.britain. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-04-06 .
  21. ^ "Pilus and Beauty Industry Statistics". National Hair & Beauty Federation. Archived from the original on 2021-04-eleven. Retrieved 2021-03-31 .
  22. ^ "Shampoos". Medscape. Archived from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-03-31 .
  23. ^ a b "Fragrances and perfumes | DermNet NZ". www.dermnetnz.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31 .
  24. ^ Webster, Emma Sarran. "This Is the Real Difference Betwixt Natural and Synthetic Makeup Brushes". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2018-05-07 .
  25. ^ Singer, Natasha (2007-xi-01). "Natural, Organic Beauty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2017-02-21 .
  26. ^ Reshetnikov SV, Wasser SP, Duckman I, Tsukor K (2000). "Medicinal value of the genus Tremella Pers. (Heterobasidiomycetes) (review)". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. two (3): 345–67. doi:x.1615/IntJMedMushr.v2.i3.10.
  27. ^ "The Lowdown on Mineral Makeup". WebMD. p. ii. Archived from the original on 16 Nov 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  28. ^ Administration, Australian Government Department of Wellness. Therapeutic Appurtenances (2017-01-eleven). "Literature review on the safety of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens". Therapeutic Appurtenances Assistants (TGA). Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2018-07-17 .
  29. ^ Anderson, Heather. "Ten Benefits of Mineral Makeup (and Why You Should Brand Your Own)". Archived from the original on 2019-05-05. Retrieved 2019-05-05 .
  30. ^ "Understanding the Cosmetics Regulation". Cosmetics Europe Association. Archived from the original on 4 Nov 2016. Retrieved iii November 2016.
  31. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 22715:2006 Cosmetics – Packaging and labelling". ISO.org. Archived from the original on four Nov 2016. Retrieved 2 Nov 2016.
  32. ^ Top 100 Corrective Manufacturers. scribd.com
  33. ^ a b "Cosmetic Manufacture". Archived from the original on 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2010-08-04 .
  34. ^ "French republic continues to lead the way in cosmetics". ClickPress. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on two May 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  35. ^ Wei, Daniela (2017-05-31). "Bloggers Touting Makeup Secrets Spur Estee Lauder'southward Prc Sales". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2017-06-02 .
  36. ^ Etcoff, N. 50.; Stock, Southward; Haley, L. Due east.; Vickery, South. A.; Business firm, D. 1000. (2011). "Cosmetics every bit a Characteristic of the Extended Human being Phenotype: Modulation of the Perception of Biologically Important Facial Signals". PLOS 1. 6 (10): e25656. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625656E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025656. PMC3185017. PMID 21991328.
  37. ^ "Makeup Makes Women Announced More than Competent: Study". The New York Times. 2011-10-12. Archived from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-02-21 .
  38. ^ Millikan, Larry E. (2001). "Cosmetology, cosmetics, cosmeceuticals: Definitions and regulations". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (four): 371–iv. CiteSeerXx.ane.1.467.6719. doi:10.1016/S0738-081X(01)00195-10. PMID 11535376.
  39. ^ Vocalizer, Natasha (March 26, 2011). "What would Estee Do?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  40. ^ Battista, Kathy (2012-09-19). "Cindy Hinant'due south make-up, glamour and TV prove". Phaidon. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2022-02-21 . The American feminist artist's [Cindy Hinant] start solo testify at Manhattan's Joe Sheftel Gallery plays with feminine ethics and expectations, equally well as earlier artistic movements, says Dr Kathy Battista of Sotheby's Institute of Fine art, New York...A serial of MakeUp Paintings announced every bit pale monochromatic works, just closer inspection reveals they are the result of the creative person'south daily action of blotting her face on the paper. The variation in tones calls attention to the use of makeup equally bamboozlement and the layered construction of the female cocky.
  41. ^ Franks, Mary Anne. "How to Feel like a Woman, or Why Punishment is a Drag." UCLA L. Rev. 61 (2013): 566.
  42. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". fda.gov. 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 22 Apr 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  43. ^ "EUR-Lex – co0013 – EN – EUR-Lex". europa.european union. Archived from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved 2022-02-21 .
  44. ^ "Signers of the Meaty for Safe Cosmetics". Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-07-05 .
  45. ^ The Guardian (Uk), 15 June 2021, "Toxic 'Forever Chemicals' Widespread in Top Makeup Brands, Study Finds--Researchers Detect Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick, Mascara and Foundation" Archived 2021-06-26 at the Wayback Motorcar
  46. ^ "Formaldehyde", Formaldehyde, two-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-two-ol (PDF), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88, Lyon, French republic: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006, pp. 39–325, ISBN978-92-832-1288-ane, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-xv, retrieved 2022-02-21
  47. ^ "Formaldehyde (gas)", Written report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition Archived 2019-08-06 at the Wayback Automobile (PDF), U.S. Section of Wellness and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Programme, 2005
  48. ^ Harris, Gardiner (2011-06-ten). "Authorities Says 2 Common Materials Pose Gamble of Cancer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2011-06-eleven .
  49. ^ National Toxicology Programme (2011-06-10). "12th Report on Carcinogens". National Toxicology Programme. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2011-06-11 .
  50. ^ National Toxicology Program (2011-06-ten). "Report On Carcinogens – Twelfth Edition – 2011" (PDF). National Toxicology Program. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-11 .
  51. ^ de Groot Ac, van Joost T, Bos JD, van der Meeren HL, Weyland JW (1988). "Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoin. Relationship to formaldehyde allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 18 (iv): 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02802.x. PMID 3378426.
  52. ^ Bilensoy, Erem (2011). Cyclodextrins in Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics, and Biomedicine : Current and Future Industrial Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ISBN978-0-470-92680-2.
  53. ^ Agner T (1991). "Susceptibility of atopic dermatitis patients to irritant dermatitis caused by sodium lauryl sulphate". Acta Derm. Venereol. 71 (4): 296–300. PMID 1681644.
  54. ^ Nassif A, Chan SC, Storrs FJ, Hanifin JM (November 1994). "Abnormal pare irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis". Curvation Dermatol. 130 (11): 1402–seven. doi:ten.1001/archderm.130.eleven.1402. PMID 7979441.
  55. ^ Marrakchi S, Maibach HI (2006). "Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation in the man face up: regional and historic period-related differences". Skin Pharmacol Physiol. nineteen (3): 177–eighty. doi:ten.1159/000093112. PMID 16679819. S2CID 35890797.
  56. ^ "vii: Final Study on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate". International Periodical of Toxicology. 2 (7): 127–181. 1983. doi:10.3109/10915818309142005. S2CID 34123578.
  57. ^ Löffler H, Effendy I (May 1999). "Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals". Contact Derm. forty (5): 239–42. doi:ten.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06056.10. PMID 10344477. S2CID 10409476.
  58. ^ Nagel JE, Fuscaldo JT, Fire fighter P (Apr 1977). "Paraben allergy". JAMA. 237 (15): 1594–5. doi:10.1001/jama.237.15.1594. PMID 576658.
  59. ^ Byford JR, Shaw LE, Drew MG, Pope GS, Sauer MJ, Darbre PD (January 2002). "Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human being chest cancer cells". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. eighty (i): 49–threescore. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00174-1. PMID 11867263. S2CID 6667945.
  60. ^ Frosch PJ, Pilz B, Andersen KE, et al. (November 1995). "Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multi-middle study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes". Contact Derm. 33 (five): 333–42. doi:x.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02048.10. PMID 8565489. S2CID 44355890.
  61. ^ Beck, 1000. H.; Wilkinson, S. Thousand. (2010), "26. Contact Dermatitis: Allergic", Rook'southward Textbook of Dermatology, vol. 2 (8th ed.), Wiley, p. 26.xl, doi:10.1002/9781444317633.ch26, ISBN978-1-4443-1763-iii
  62. ^ a b Johansen, Jeanne Duus; Frosch, Peter J.; Lepoittevin, Jean-Pierre (2010). Contact Dermatitis. Springer. ISBN978-three-642-03827-3. Archived from the original on August five, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  63. ^ Fisher, Alexander A. (2008). Fisher's Contact Dermatitis. PMPH-U.s.. ISBN978-1-55009-378-0. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2015-xi-06 .
  64. ^ William D. James; Timothy Berger; Dirk Elston (2011). Andrew'south Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN978-one-4377-3619-ix. Archived from the original on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2015-eleven-06 .
  65. ^ Zhai, Hongbo; Maibach, Howard I. (2004). Dermatotoxicology (Sixth ed.). CRC Press. ISBN978-0-203-42627-ii. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  66. ^ McLaughlin, Martyn (2007-12-xx). "Pseudo science can't cover upward the ugly truth". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2009-12-16 .
  67. ^ "Cosmetics". Badscience.internet. Archived from the original on 2011-10-eleven. Retrieved 2011-x-23 .
  68. ^ Kabene, Stefane; Baadel, Said (2019-11-12). "Bioethics: a expect at animal testing in medicine and cosmetics in the Britain". Periodical of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 12: 15. doi:10.18502/jmehm.v12i15.1875. ISSN 2008-0387. PMC7166243. PMID 32328228.
  69. ^ Watson, Stephanie (2009). Animal Testing: Problems and Ethics. New York : The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN978-one-4358-5671-four.
  70. ^ Ferdowsian, Hope R.; Brook, Nancy (2011). "Upstanding and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research". PLOS One. 6 (ix): e24059. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624059F. doi:ten.1371/periodical.pone.0024059. PMC3168484. PMID 21915280.
  71. ^ "Timeline: Cosmetics testing on animals". The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2021-02-05 .
  72. ^ "Fact Sheet: Cosmetic Testing : The Humane Social club of the United States". www.humanesociety.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2018-05-01 .
  73. ^ "Animal Testing 101". 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved v May 2019.
  74. ^ Hanson, Hilary (2018-09-29). "California Just Officially Banned The Sale Of Animal-Tested Cosmetics". Huffington Mail. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-17 .
  75. ^ "Ban on Fauna Testing – Growth – European Commission". Growth. 2016-07-05. Archived from the original on 2018-x-26. Retrieved 2018-ten-26 .
  76. ^ a b "Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Quango". 22 Dec 2009. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  77. ^ Kanter, James (2013-03-11). "E.U. Bans Cosmetics With Animal-Tested Ingredients". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-17 .
  78. ^ "Here's How China Is Moving Away From Animal Testing". www.bloomberg.com. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-13 .
  79. ^ Morosini, Daniela (10 April 2019). "People's republic of china Volition No Longer Require Animal Testing On Cosmetic Products". British Vogue. Archived from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2019-05-xiii .
  80. ^ "Commonwealth of australia'south animal testing laws are a practiced start, but don't go far enough". phys.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-17 .
  81. ^ Jacobs, Steve (2019-03-16). "Commonwealth of australia bans use of data from animal tests in cosmetics". The Sydney Morn Herald. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-17 .
  82. ^ "EUR-Lex – 32009R1223 – EN – EUR-Lex". europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2022-02-21 .
  83. ^ "Production prophylactic for manufacturers". bis.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2022-02-21 .
  84. ^ "The Single Market". cosmeticseurope. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2021-07-01 .
  85. ^ "Regulatory context". ec.europa.european union. Archived from the original on 2010-07-xx. Retrieved 2010-08-04 .
  86. ^ "EU Corrective Regulation 1223/2009" Archived 2019-05-13 at the Wayback Car, European Parliament & Quango, 30 November 2009, Retrieved vii April 2015
  87. ^ "Federal Nutrient, Drug, and Cosmetic Human action (FD&C Human action)". fda.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-03-xviii. Retrieved 2019-12-16 .
  88. ^ "The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Deed". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on ii May 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  89. ^ "Animal Testing & Cosmetics". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on xi February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  90. ^ Nutrition, Center for Nutrient Prophylactic and Practical (iv Feb 2020). "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, merely Are FDA-Regulated". FDA. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved nineteen August 2020.
  91. ^ "Why your cosmetics don't have to be tested for safe". PBS. sixteen Dec 2019. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 19 Baronial 2020.
  92. ^ ISO 22716 Archived 2016-10-04 at the Wayback Motorcar ISO Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices, Retrieved 09/27/2012

Further reading [edit]

  • Winter, Ruth (2005) [2005]. A Consumer'due south Dictionary of Corrective Ingredients: Complete Information Nigh the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback). US: Three Rivers Press. ISBN978-ane-4000-5233-2.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics

Posted by: mezadogese.blogspot.com

0 Response to "What Is Another Name For High End Makeup Called What"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel